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human development is a lifelong process of physical, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional growth and change. in the early stages of life—from babyhood to childhood, childhood to adolescence, and adolescence to adulthood—enormous changes take place. throughout the process, each person develops attitudes and values that guide choices, relationships, and understanding.
sexuality is also a lifelong process. infants, children, teens, and adults are sexual beings. just as it is important to enhance a child’s physical, emotional, and cognitive growth, so it is important to lay foundations for a child’s sexual growth. adults have a responsibility to help children understand and accept their evolving sexuality.
each stage of development encompasses specific markers. the following developmental guidelines apply to most children in this age group. however, each child is an individual and may reach these stages of development earlier or later than other children the same age. when concerns arise about a specific child’s development, parents or other caregivers should consult a doctor or other child development professional.
physical development
most children aged four to five will:
- continue to grow, but at a slower rate than during infancy and the toddler years [some parts grow faster or sooner than others. for example, organs grow faster than the body, giving preschoolers a rounded tummy.]
- reach at least 50 percent of their adult height and about 20 percent of their adult weight by age five
- develop more coordinated large motor skills, enabling them to skip, run, and climb up and down stairs
- develop fine motor skills, enabling them to tie shoelaces, button shirts, use scissors, and draw recognizable figures
- continue significant brain development, completing 90 percent of such development by age five
- develop increased lung capacity and the ability to breathe more deeply
- lose their “baby look” as their limbs grow longer
- appear about the same size, regardless of gender
- increase in overall health and gain resistance to germs
cognitive development
most children aged four to five will:
- interact with and learn about the world through play activities
- begin to experience the world through exploration and feel inquisitive about self and surroundings
- begin separation from family as they experience less proximity to caregivers and more independence
- understand what is good and bad (though they may not understand why) and be able to follow the rules
- be able to understand and accomplish simple activities to be healthy, such as brushing teeth or washing hands
- understand the concept of privacy
emotional development
most children aged four to five will:
- still rely on caregivers, while no longer needing or wanting as much physical contact with caregivers as they received in infancy and as toddlers
- continue to express emotions physically and to seek hugs and kisses
- socialize with peers, begin to develop relationships, and learn to recognize some peers as friends and others as people they don’t like
- have more opportunities to interact with peers, either through school or recreational activities, and will play with other children
sexual development
most children aged four to five will:
- experience vaginal lubrication or erection
- touch their genitals for pleasure
- feel curiosity about everything, and ask about where babies come from and how they were born
- feel curiosity about bodies and may play games like doctor
- feel sure of their own gender and have the ability to recognize males and females
- begin to recognize traditional male and female gender roles and to distinguish these roles by gender
- become conscious of their own body, how it appears to others, and how it functions
what families need to do to raise sexually healthy children
to help four- to five-year-old children develop a healthy sexuality, families should:
- help children understand the concept of privacy and that talk about sexuality is private and occurs at home.
- teach correct names of the major body parts (internal and external) and their basic functions.
- explain how babies “get into” the mother’s uterus.
- encourage children to come to them or other trusted adults for information about sexuality.